Major League Baseball Helping Developing Countries

Dermenjian 1 Major League Baseball Helping Developing Countries: The Case of the Dominican Republic Presented by Nick Dermenjian Instructor: Abbas Grammy Course Title: Econ 410 Date: 3/07/15 The topic of Major League Baseball helping developing countries: The case of the Dominican Republic is a topic I have always been quite interested in. The main reason would be of my involvement in organized baseball from a young age and continuing into college now. Throughout my research on the topic I have found quite a lot of information suggesting the strength of involvement and improvement of Dominican economics by way of Major League Baseball. Major League Baseball has done an extraordinary job in helping the economy of the Dominican Republic†¦show more content†¦The minor league system is also referred to as an organizations farm system. These minor league systems are split into many different levels such as: Triple A, Double A, Single A (both low and high), Rookie ball, and other lower level instructional leagues with Triple A being the highest and closest level to the Majors. What is quite unique about Major League Baseball’s minor league s ystem compared to that of other such Professional sports leagues is that it is comprised of such diversity. The minors have players from US colleges, high schools, but also from all over Latin America. Major League Baseball has established itself in Latin America as a premiere way for these young kids who are looking for a way out of their developing nation to find success in the American dream. While the MLB focuses much time and effort all over Latin America, this paper will focus primarily on how Major League Baseball helps developing nations specifically the case of the Dominican Republic. Following World War 2, the Latin sporting experience has been modeled by its connections with the bigger forces that designed America. According to Allan M (1995), the Dominican Dream is a groundbreaking task analyzing the association between America and the Dominican Republic, which espoused sport and adapted it to suit the Dominican objectives. The Major League clubs Major League Baseball Helping Developing Countries Major League Baseball Helping Developing Countries: The Case of Domician Republic Presented by Instructor Course Title Date In one way or another Major League Baseball (MLB) has been existence since 1869. It is a certified professional baseball organization that comprises major certified sports leagues in North America. The teams of the MLB play in various leagues such as the National League. The MLB also supervises minor league baseball leagues that are connected with the major league clubs and manages the World Baseball Classic event. The Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) has been existence since 1965 when they hired Marvin Miller to negotiate the collective bargaining agreement in 1968. With a new collective bargaining agreement signed in 2011 this essay will review how the MLB is helping developing countries through the case of the Dominican Republic. Following the post Second World War, the Latino sporting experience has been modeled by its connections with the bigger forces that designed America. According to Allan M (1995), the Dominican Dream is a groundbreaking task analyzing the association between America and the Dominican Republic, which espoused sport and adapted it to suit the Dominican objectives. The Major League clubs and their Dominican partners operate much in the same manner as other strong American economics and cultural interests in the developing countries, meaning, through promoting localShow MoreRelatedMajor League Baseball Helping Developing Countries3070 Words   |  13 PagesDermenjian 1 Major League Baseball Helping Developing Countries: The Case of the Dominican Republic Presented by Nick Dermenjian Instructor: Abbas Grammy Course Title: Econ 410 Date: 3/07/15 The topic of Major League Baseball helping developing countries: The case of the Dominican Republic is a topic I have always been quite interested in. The main reason would be of my involvement in organized baseball from a young age and continuing into college now. Throughout my research on the topic I haveRead MoreThe Latino Model: Roberto Clemente Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pages During the mid-1950’s, Major League Baseball was in the midst of an influential movement. Jackie Robinson had broken baseball’s â€Å"color barrier† in 1947, which helped usher in the participation of other minorities, especially the Latinos. Just as the blacks were faced with adversity, the Latino players experienced the same. The teams integrated slowly and sportswriters often scorned the players having difficulty developing English as a second language (Regalado 678). Roberto Clemente joined thisRead MoreAre Sports Programs For Children And Teenagers Too Intense?1539 Words   |à ‚  7 Pagesstill believe that all sports are helping the youth grow up to be leaders for the next generation. Although many believe youth sports programs are too intense, the improved education reduces injuries, students are not specializing, and family unity improves when kids participate in sports programs. The history of youth athletics goes back to the 1900s. In 1939 little league baseball became a organized baseball league(LL History). 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Is the use of sexual imagery in ad campaignsRead MoreEssay about Sports Sponsorship180 7 Words   |  8 Pagesand expose their brand, can be achieved; heightening visibility, which can be maximized by the use of media coverage; differentiating from competitors, made possible by being able to stand above their industry rivals; being seen in the community, helping to make a difference makes the company perceived as a â€Å"good corporate citizen†; and enhancing business, consumer, and VIP relations, a benefit that comes hand-in-hand with hospitality (Friedman). Sponsorship has the ability to be extremely flexible

Essay about Alcoholism - 1398 Words

quot;Alcohol is a socially acceptable, legal drug that is consumed by the majority of Americans without problems to themselves or others (Milgram xiii).quot; Misuse of alcohol can lead to alcoholism, one of the most widespread and complex problems in America. The reasons some people become dependent on alcohol and others do not are unknown. Many health problems are associated with chronic alcohol abuse, including damage to the liver, brain, or central nervous system. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Alcohol is probably the most widely used recreational drug in the world. The production of alcohol is the result of the fermentation of plant products such as fruit grains. Gin, Vodka, Whiskey, and other hard liquors, require a further†¦show more content†¦The more body muscle a person has in relation to fat, the lower the blood alcohol concentration will be from a given amount of liquor (Taylor 23). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A persons tolerance has developed if the drinker requires more alcohol to get the same effects he/she used to get with a lesser amount. If a person is alcohol tolerant he/she can quot;holdquot; or quot;handle,quot; or quot;not showquot; the amount of alcohol consumed (Long 57-58). If a person has a high tolerance, the initially pleasant quot;buzzquot; or quot;glowquot; may wear off quickly leading them to drink more to recapture it (Kestler 7-8). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A can of beer can raise a drinkers blood alcohol level just as much as a glass of wine or a cocktail with half an ounce of hard liquor. An ounce of beer does not contain as much alcohol as an ounce of whiskey but beer is usually consumed in greater proportions than other beverages. Wine contains between 12 and 15% alcohol and beers range from about 3 to 8%. The percentage of alcohol in other types of liquor is indicated in proof, which is twice the percent of alcohol by volume. For example one hundred proof Vodka contains fifty percent alcohol (Kestler 6). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Admittedly, there is no single cause for alcoholism, however, the most widely believed cause is the use of alcohol to solve problems. Alcoholism is thought to arise from a combination of a wide range of physiological,Show MoreRelatedAlcoholism : Alcoholism And Alcoholism2482 Words   |  10 Pageslead to extreme alcohol abuse and even alcoholism. The society we live in is strongly prejudiced by alcohol, and affects people of all ages, gender, and background. It has been uncovered to millionaires to the homeless. 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Myer Holdings Limited (Myer) Free Essays

Prospective analysis – forecast The previous reports have already approached the industry and financial analysis of Myer. This report will analyze the forecast, valuation and application of Myer, including forecasting the major data, valuating share price under four model and discussing the opportunity and challenge of Myer. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Myer Holdings Limited (Myer) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forecast sales growth rate As one of the most important indicators, sales can reflect directly Myer’s financial performance and influence other indicators. Therefore, the forecast of sales growth rate is the foundation for forecasting Myer. Based on the previous annual reports from 2007 to 2011, Myer’s sales are not optimistic and the average growth rate is negative 2. 89%. The decline of both global economy and purchase power of consumers in Australia will lead to the depression of whole industry and unsatisfied performance of Myer in 2012. Additionally, growth of 20% online shopping shows that more and more consumers prefer to purchase online instead of in the shops . Therefore, negative 1% of sales growth rate for Myer can be assumed in 2012. However, Australia would have a weakening global economy impact and have strong national growth in the future . According to IMF, Australian economy growth rate is expected up to 3. 5% in 2013 . Considering the previous performance of Myer, 2% of growth rate can be assumed for 2013. After that, 3% of growth rate can be assumed from 2014 to 2017 and the sales would approximately even to 2007. (See below chart) Previous years ‘00020072008200920102011Average rate Sales3,002,3532,940,3312,798,9162,825,0342,666,803? sales growth? -2. 07%-4. 81%0. 93%-5. 60%-2. 89% Future years ?2011201220132014201520162017 Sales growth? -1%2%3%3%3%3% 2. Forecast ATO calculate NOA According to the past five years’ data, Myer’s Assets Turnover ratio (ATO) declined slowly following the decrease of sales, apart from 2011 down quickly. Therefore, the average rate 2. 05 can be used to predict the future years. (See below chart) ? 20072008200920102011Average rate ATO2. 02 2. 282. 152. 001. 772. 05 3. Forecast PM calculate NOPAT Profit Margin (PM) is another important indicator in forecasting Myer’s performance. This indicator relates between the sales and cost of goods sold and operating costs. The competition in retail industry is stronger than before. That means through increasing sales or decrease COS to increase PM is more difficult. The change of PM fluctuated markedly in the last five years. In order to fairly predict the data, the average of 7. 5% can be used as the future PM growth rate. (See below chart) ? 20072008200920102011Average rate profit margin4. 7%13. 4%4. 9%7. 8%6. 6%7. 5% 4. Forecast net dividend payout Dividend payout is a significant indicator to influence share price. Therefore, estimating this rate means the people can determine Myer whether focuses on benefiting shareholders and beautifies share price or not. According to the past 5 years, only 3 years Myer paid dividends. After calculation, the average rate based on 3 years is 45% and 5 years is 27%. However, 27% is too low for shareholders if Myer earn more profit base on the forecast. In addition, most of dividends payout is higher than 50%. Therefore, the forecasting dividend payout rate is estimated by 45%. (See below chart) ? 20072008200920102011Average rate(3yrs)Average rate(5yrs) Dividend0%50%0%28%59%45%27% 5. Forecast cost of debt and debt balance Basically, cost of debt means the expense of liabilities. Determining the cost of debt is as well as setting up the financial structure such as how much debt Myer plan to borrow. According to the previous data, Myer repaid a huge amount of debt in 2010 and led to the cost up and net debt down. However, the debt did not rise up again and kept the similar level as 2010. Therefore, concerning about the cost of debt, the average of 10. 75% seems more reasonable to predict the future. (See below chart) ? 20072008200920102011Average rate % cost of debt6. 25%6. 41%6. 36%30. 31%4. 41%10. 75% net debt (ND)928,503 856,242 904,258 414,574 457,362 ? Prospective – Valuation Four methods are used to valuate Myer, DDM, DAE, DAOE and DCF. In addition, two ways are used to determine cost of capital, which are CAPM and WACC. In CAPM model, risk-free rate, risk premium rate and ? are assumed separately 4. 5%, 6. 5% and 1. 1. It is not easy to determine ? because it changes every day. Assuming 1. 1 for? means the fluctuation of Myer share price is a little stronger than the market but not too much . Therefore, cost of capital (Re) is calculated by the formula and equals to 11. 65%. This Re is used in DDM and DAE. In WACC model, because Re is 11. 5%, Rf is calculated by formula and equals to 11. 43%. This Rf is used in DAOE and DCF. The share price is calculated by these 4 different models. (See below chart) ModelForecast Share price in 2012 DDM1. 7423 DAE2. 4548 DAOE2. 5603 DCF2. 5603 DDM is influenced strongly by dividends because this model uses dividends to calculate value of shares. If the company does not pay dividends, the share price would be lower. Myer is estimated to pay dividends in 45% and the share price closes to market share price. (See below chart) DateLast % Change High Low Vol * 24 Oct 20121. 950-1. 27% 1. 621. 9306,259,477 This model is easy to understand Myer’s business conditions. However, this is affected by dividends too much and dividends are not always linking the value creation , the valuation model seems very limited. Obviously, this cannot reflect the Myer’s real value and conditions. Additionally, compared to DDM, DAE involves in other indicator abnormal earnings to value Myer share price and is better to present Myer’s conditions. Myer share price in DAE is higher than DDM because it reflects book value of equity and PV of future abnormal earnings to add share value. Therefore, this is more close to the real performance of Myer. Also, DAOE model is similar with DAE apart from that DAOE focuses on the equity which is determined by operating abnormal earnings. This eliminates the influence of Myer’s financial activities to calculate abnormal earnings. However, Myer’s financial value has been added to the equity finally. Therefore, this can reflect Myer’s condition in operating. Finally, DCF model focuses on cash flow which results in the equity increases. Usually, it can get the same share price with DAOE, but does not affected by accounting rules. However, investments are treated as losses for cash flow, which can bring more future benefits to Myer. Therefore, if Myer plans to use investments to produce free cash flow, then this model is very close Myer’s real conditions. Prospective – Sensitivity On one side, Myer is department store and compete in retail industry. Seasonality is more significant aspect in retail industry. The boom seasons for Myer are the end of financial year and Christmas holidays. Also, the weather, new products in season or other factors are the aspects which Myer is sensitive. On the other side, according to Appendix 4, the four models of sensitivity can be analyzed. For the indicators of sales, ATO, dividend payout, DDM is the most sensitive, while DCF and DAOE are not sensitive. However, DDM is not sensitive in debt, while DCF and DAOE are most sensitive. Application Opportunities According to the forecast analysis and valuation, Myer has some possible opportunities to improve herself and get rid of the difficult conditions although the depression of condition expands the whole retail industry. Myer is predicted to pay more dividends to their shareholders in forecast analysis. This will addict more investor to buy shares and this can push the share price to rise up. Also, the book value of equity for Myer can be increased and this leads to no one can buy Myer’s share lower than book value. Therefore, a higher merger value or acquisition value can be created. Eventually, Myer will get more capital to investment. Therefore, Myer has an opportunity to invest this implemental capital. Concerning about the future economy, Australia will have strong domestic economy increase . As a result, Australian consumption and requirement will be up. Therefore, keeping and maintaining domestic consumers are still the main tasks for Myer. With the online shopping eroded the traditional shopping stores, Myer should improve their online shopping services, such as beautifying and making it convenient for customers. Myer’s CEO announced they would launch a new â€Å"omni-channel† service to stimulate consumers shop online . Obviously, Myer has already recognized online shopping is the main method to regain market share. Additionally, expanding the overseas market seems a good lamb for Myer to increase profit. Recently, Australia government has signed two Free Trade Agreement negotiations with China and Japan separately. This provides a firm foundation to encourage more foreign investments between Australia and both of countries . Therefore, Myer can be provided more supports to invest in China and Japan. There are three reasons for Myer to choose China rather than Japan to set up the first overseas branch. Firstly, 1. 34 billion of China population is more stable for consumption foundation than 127million of Japan . Secondly, the advantage of exchange can provide more benefits for Myer to invest in overseas. Thirdly, more products of Myer are produced by China; therefore, setting up branch in china can save the delivery cost and tax. Challenges Although Myer’s forecasting is more profitable, it still has a potential challenge for borrowings. First of all, the purpose of loan for Myer may be to expand its shops or update its online shopping. These have more chances to be long-term debts instead of short-term debts. However, when they are in the lack of cash flows, Myer may pay dividends through borrowings. Although this can be short-term debts, it is not for earning profit. Therefore, both of these are risky for debtors. Secondly, the figure shows that Myer would not plan to increase its financial expenses. That may be Myer prefer to get more funds from shareholders and her own operates rather than debts. This looks lower risky than people’s anticipation while it also means Myer would slow the repayment of debt and the previous debt risky will be raised up. Thirdly, the steady growth rate of dividend payout shows Myer would pay more dividends to benefit their shareholders when they earn more money instead of pay the debt or reinvest. In other words, Myer prefer has more long-term debt than short-term debt and maybe the benefits will be impaired. Therefore, the debt’s risk of Myer tends to be increased by Myer’s trend. Fourthly, the debt leverage looks healthy. However, the decrease of debt leverage is because not only the debt decreases, but also the net operating assets increase. Above all, Myer probably has problem when debt from debtors. Therefore, a detailed loan structure should be planned to make debtor have more confidence and willing to borrow money to Myer. This loan structure need to concern about the percentage of debt and equity for Myer. Also, the percentage of long-term debt and short-term debt should be considered. In addition, the purposes of debt need to be clear, easy to understand and report to debtors and shareholders. Conclusion To sum up, these analyses are really useful to approach Myer’s conditions and performance, and also can give some particular information through valuation. However, there are not perfect analyses; people still need to look for more effective analyses to value the firm. How to cite Myer Holdings Limited (Myer), Essay examples

Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health

Question: Discuss about the Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health? Answer: Solution 1 The exposures of interest considered in this study are total fat intake, Saturated fat intake, monounsaturated fat intake, polyunsaturated fat intake and trans-fat intake (Oh, 2005). Inorder to ascertain dietary information, a questionnaire was used. They were updated in 1986, 1990, 1994 and 1998. A rational determination of total fat and specific types of fat was made in this study (Nelson, 2009). The study results are found to be consistent with other studies. The results of the study clearly give the information about the effect of dietary intake on CHD risk (Nelson, 2009). Blood lipid levels are not measured in the study and this is another limitation of the study (Oh, 2005). Solution 2 Myocardial infarction (nonfatal) or Coronary heart disease (fatal) was the outcome measured. In the case of nonfatal MI, the medical records were collected for reporting women. Deaths from fatal CHD were recognized by the US postal system or from the National Death Index (Oh, 2005). The results of the study are evidenced to be consistent with several other studies (Oh, 2005). Change in diet was one of the factors responsible for evidence of decline in CHD incidence (Oh, 2005). Solution 3 The source population of the study is 30-55 aged female nurses. The target population does not differ from the source population (Oh, 2005). The results are analyzed evidently in the population by the age of 65 years or younger and with age above 65 (Oh, 2005) In, the elderly population, the study results were influenced by factors like an increase in intensity of chronic diseases or weakened health status or change in metabolism with aging (Oh, 2005). Solution 4 In 1976 the study was started with 1,21,700 female nurses whose age is 3055 years. The participants who returned the 1980 questionnaire were included in the study and participants with cardiovascular disease, cancer, improbable intake of energy, diabetes, cancer, hypercholesterolemia was excluded from the study. So after exclusions, 78,778 women were studied (Oh, 2005). Solution 5 The risk measures calculated in the study are age, smoking, BMI, alcohol intake, history of menopausal state, hormone use, hypertension, MI, use of aspirin, Vitamin E, multivitamin, physical activity and intake of fat; fatty acids; fruits, vegetables and fiber(Taylor Zahradka, 2013). Solution 6 The incidence of various diseases may change the diet of women and hence are excluded from the study. But Excluding such women didnot affect the study results (Oh, 2005). Solution 7 The overall motor vehicle-related mortality risk is 1.8%. Solution 8 (100/2000)*100 = 5% (80/8000)*100 = 1% (100/10,000) * 100 = 1 % Solution 9 (45/300)*100 = 15% (135 /7000)*100 = 1.9% (45/10000) *100 = 0.45% Solution 10 The cumulative incidence ratio of death by driving speed is 1%, and the cumulative incidence ratio of death by DWI status is 0.45 %. The values indicate that death by speed is very high in comparison to death by DWI status. Solution 11 1900-100 = 1800 255-45 = 210 Solution 12 A direct relationship was observed between trans-fat and CHD, whereas inverse relation was observed between CHD and polyunsaturated fat. In women aged less than 65 the results were evidenced to be more prominent and relevant. Among women with a higher BMI, the risk of CHD was increased with intake of Polyunsaturated fat intake. Solution 13 (180/10000) * 100 = 1.8 % (180/10000)*100 = 1.8% Solution 14 Mortality risk = (180/10000) * 100= 1.8%. Solution 15 {(5-1)/5 } * 100 = 80 % {(15-1.9)/15} * 100 = 87.33 % Solution 16 Mortality risk = (180/10000) * 100= 1.8%. Solution 18 Inorder to eradicate motor related deaths, the funding should be allocated equally to two risk factors. The speed limit should be strictly monitored and drive while intoxicated should be severely penalized. References Ndrepepa, G. (2015). BMI and coronary heart disease: no difference according to sex. The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology, 3(6), 398-400. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00103-5 Nelson, G. (2009). Dietary Fat, Trans Fatty Acids, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease.Nutrition Reviews, 56(8), 250-252. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01758.x Oh, K. (2005). Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women: 20 Years of Follow-up of the Nurses' Health Study. American Journal Of Epidemiology, 161(7), 672-679. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi085 Sedgwick, P. (2010). Incidence rate ratio.BMJ, 341(sep08 1), c4804-c4804. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c4804 Taylor, C., Zahradka, P. (2013). Do high dietary intakes of linoleic acid protect against death from coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease?.Clinical Lipidology, 8(5), 493-495. https://dx.doi.org/10.2217/clp.13.48 Uhry, Z., Belot, A., Colonna, M., Bossard, N., Rogel, A., Iwaz, J. et al. (2013). National cancer incidence is estimated using the incidence/mortality ratio in countries with local incidence data: Is this estimation correct?.Cancer Epidemiology, 37(3), 270-277. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2012.12.007

The Legend of 1900 free essay sample

1900, who was found abandoned on a ship Virginian and be adopted by a sailor Danny. He was named 1900, a symbol of an era 20th century. The film, which was made at the end of the 20th century, was a reflection of the mainstream worldview in that era. Reading between lines, we can easily find the view of existentialism. 1900 was born on the sea, grew up on the sea and finally died on the sea. The sea is symbolic of freedom. He has no parents. Danny, who adopted him, died when he was 8.He has no friends. His only friend step off the ship to look for his happy life. He has no love. His misty love drawn to an end because his choice of not getting off. His life seemed to be empty. No position belonged to him. Nevertheless, he was able to figure out the meaning of life. In all that sprawling city there was everything except an end. We will write a custom essay sample on The Legend of 1900 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There was no end. What I did not see was where the whole thing came to an end. The end of the world.. . His saying is paralleled to the worldview of the existentialism, which claimed that life is absurd, desperate with no end.

Scientists can use a number of methods to determin Essays

Scientists can use a number of methods to determin Essays Scientists can use a number of methods to determine the concentration of a solution. One way is to make visual comparisons with solutions of known concentrations i.e. ( "Standards") AimTo determine the concentration of coloured solutions. Procedure: Your group will set up a series of standard solutions. You will then be provided with solutions of unknown concentrations. You will attempt to determine how concentrated the unknown solutions are by comparing them to your standards. Apparatus Test tube rack 6 large test tubes ( 20 mL) Water distilled Food colouring Solutions of unknown concentration Burette 50 mL Retort stand and clamp Procedure: Read the method outlined below. Complete a risk assessment prior to performing the experiment Collect your apparatus. Set up the test tube rack with the 6 test tubes. Place a label a number from 1- 6 on the outside of each test tube. Fill each test tube with 15 mL of water delivered using a burette. Add 3 drops of food colouring to the second test tube and shake to ensure thorough mixing. To the remaining test tubes add 5, 7, 9 and 10 drops of food colouring respectively. Shake each test tube to ensure thorough mixing. Record observations about the test tubes. You may take a photo of the test tubes but you must also write a description of what you observe. Collect the test tubes containing solutions of unknown concentration. Compare them to your set of standards and record your results. Compare your results with another group who used the same food colouring. Risk Assessment: Hazard Risk Level of risk Precaution Control measures What to do Discussion Consider the method used in this experiment to determine the concentrations of the unknown solutions. State how reliable you think your method was and justify your decision. Make a list of possible errors that might have occurred in this experiment that could have affected your results. Suggest some advantages of the method used in this activity to determine the concentration of the solutions Suggest some disadvantages of the method used. i.e. Limitations of this method Suggest some improvements /alternative method that could be used in order to determine the concentrations of unknown solutions.

The role of stand up meetings in agile software development ( benefit) Essay

The role of stand up meetings in agile software development ( benefit) - Essay Example This study investigated one of the most important elements of the Agile approach, daily stand-up meetings. Over 40 percent of all the respondents were developers, the other bigger proportions were made up of project managers, analysts, software testers and solution architects. This can probably be attributed to the fact that in any process of software development, developers play the greatest role as they are directly involved in the technical processes. According to Martin (2003), an Agile development team needs sufficient software development personnel with deep experience and good working relationship to succeed. Project managers also formed a substantial proportion of all respondents; this too can be explained by the fact that every Agile team has got to be led by a project manager. Sometimes we have a larger project split into smaller project tasks each with a project manager (Larman, 2004). Other roles represented by respondents included Team Leads, Scrum Masters, CEOs, Testers , Delivery Managers, Agile coaches and Product owners. Many responses were not obtained from these groups, probably because they did not play huge roles in their team or they happened to be in leadership positions e.g. CEOs and Team Leads.The software development process function better at optimal conditions; this can only be made possible with the right number of members in a team, each playing a key role. Depending on the company and software development requirements of a project, Agile team sizes differ from project to another, Scrum and DSMD recommend that an ideal project team should have about 10 or twelve people. XP does not have a particular preferred number but recommends that teams be as small as possible. Over 83.8 percent of the respondents indicated that they worked in a team of between one and ten members - these are relatively small groups. Many software developers prefer to carry out projects in small flexible and manageable groups as recommended by the Agile methodo logy. Agile software development is particularly very iterative and participative and requires excellent communication, consultations and interaction between the members. For such teams to work effectively they require a moderate to minimum number of members for flexibility and greater team bonding, for example, stand-up meetings can be more effective and practical with fewer members in the team rather than a large number of members (Larman, 2004). A number of different Agile methods are used in software development. These include Scrum, DSDM, Extreme Programming, and Lean-Kanban. The choice of method is largely determined by software development needs as well as preference. According to Larman (2004), project needs sometimes dictate the choice of method between the various Agile methods. - Developer preferences also play a large part in determination of the methods to be adopted, in most cases once a method is adopted it is used by a company consistently for all other projects. Thi s study found that scrum is the most preferred Agile method with over 59 percent of the respondents using it. The popularity of scrum can be attributed to its ease of use and flexibility. According to Rising and Janoff (2000), Scrum remains the most

Classroom Game Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Classroom Game Plan - Essay Example Good classroom procedures can also be good housekeeping routines. Hand signals can be visual or audio. For example, raising the left hand or placing the index finger of the right hand in front of closed lips to signal the students to keep quiet. Classroom organization refers to the arrangement of furniture and materials. For instance, in a class of fifty learners, arranging the furniture in three straight columns is ideal so that the teacher can easily spot all the students. Marzano, Marzano and Pickering (2003) further say that consequences are measures used to show a student that a certain behavior is unacceptable. Behavior like noise making can be reinforced in several ways. Writing the learner’s name on board the first time the crime is committed shows the learner that the teacher has noticed the behavior. If the behaviour persists, the learner can be asked to go out of class for a few minutes. A teacher’s physical appearance is also crucial. There is a need to dress decently and appropriately, have neat hair, standing straight when addressing the students and maintaining eye contact with them. Marzano, R. J., Marzano, J. S., & Pickering, D. (2003). Classroom management that works: Research-based strategies for every teacher. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum

Women Maternity Clothing Store (Part 2 of Business Plan) Assignment

Women Maternity Clothing Store (Part 2 of Business Plan) - Assignment Example Majority of pregnant women are working class who require clean and appealing work attire. According to statistics the population between age 15- 19 years are at times jobless with few having successful careers hence need for product that would suit low, middle and high-income customers within the region. The region as described demands warm clothing owing to prevailing weather conditions. Weather is vital in this business and plays significant role in design of merchandises. The region experiences longer winter seasons and shorter summer seasons and is characterized by busy and low season, in this case the busy season for most stores starts during spring break ending around September. United States spring break starts around March influencing sales from maternity stores. This creates an advantage since most pregnant women would vacation away from their home states and would make whole new purchases of maternity clothing (Suttle 1). Those in the northern part require more protective clothing in form of coats and boots as compared to those within southern region due low temperatures, additionally the region is also characterized by storms and hurricane seasons which at times keep consumers away from town centers (Suttle 1). Therefore, the business needs to consider weather aspect in the planning process to avoid unnecessary losses. Despite an upward growth for maternity clothes in recent years, there is current demand for stylish maternity clothes at all pregnancy stages within the region to suit weather conditions (Ranson 1). The figure below shows the map of the target region and the level of unintended pregnancies. Majority are young expecting mothers who value trendy and stylish clothes. The United States is known to be one of the worlds largest countries, occupying an area of approximately 3,679,192 square miles (9,529,107 square

Radiation Exposure In Intraoral Radiography Health And Social Care Essay

Radiation Exposure In Intraoral Radiography Health And Social Care Essay Dental radiography is one of the most frequent types of radiological procedures performed. One of the projections that have been done in the dental radiography is the intraoral radiography, which means the film is put inside the patients mouth. The intraoral can be divided into four, which are bitewing view, periapical view, occlusal view and full mouth series. There are conventional intraoral radiography and another one, with the advances in technology, the digital intraoral radiography is been developed. In this new imaging modality, the radiographic film is replaced by a sensor for the X-rays. The signal temporarily stored within the sensors is transferred to the computer, which displays an image that may be filed, interpreted, manipulated and quantified. The digital intraoral radiography is divided into two, which are two fundamentally different concepts for direct digital image acquisition, the CCD-based (charge-coupled device) and the Storage Phosphor systems. The intraoral radiography is said to have a low exposure dose received by the patients. According to the several sources that can be trusted, the exposure dose received by the dental patient equivalent to a few days worth of background radiation environmental radiation exposure or similar to the dose received during a cross-country airplane flight. Digital dental radiography is more preferable because although film has been an inexpensive and reliable image receptor in dental radiography for a long time, the advantages of digital dental radiography over film include providing a lower radiation dose, a swift availability of radiographs, the possibility of image enhancement and no need for film processing chemicals. DOSES IN INTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHY In digital intraoral radiography, the mean exposure time and radiation surface dose for the PSP is greater than that for the CCD system by a factor of 2.45. However, there was also a significantly higher repeat rate using the CCD system compared to the PSP system. Therefore, despite the CCD system requiring more repeat exposures, the radiation received by the patient is less. CCD systems showed a larger dose reduction in comparison to PSP imaging plates. Another study reported that the dose reduction as a result of shorter exposure times exceeded the increase in doses as a result of the greater number of radiographs with both digital systems. However, with the CCD sensors the dose reduction per exposure was almost cancelled out by the increase in the number of radiographs taken. Although the patient exposure associated with dental radiography is relatively low, intraoral radiography should be optimised in order to keep the radiation risk as low as reasonably achievable, something that is widely known as the ALARA principle but at the same time, produce a best quality of image. Any radiological procedure should be justified and modified in order to keep the radiation risk as low as reasonably achievable, especially to the children. Compared to adults, children are more sensitive to the radiation exposure. Dose assessment is recommended to be performed on a regular basis to ensure that patient exposure is always kept within the recommended levels and at the same time, the malfunction of the equipment also can be detected. All radiological procedures carried out on children must adapt to special radiation protection measures, which aims at recognising and implementing possible dose reduction strategies in order to eliminate unnecessary and therefore unjustified radiation exposure. Over the past 20 years both the X-ray units and the X-ray receptors used in dental radiology have been evolved. Modern dental X-ray units incorporate high frequency generators, operate at higher tube potentials and produce X-ray spectra that have higher mean energy and therefore are more penetrating compared to those produced by older dental X-ray units. These improvements have contributed in the reduction of the radiation dose to the e ntrance skin surface of the patient and the enhancement of image quality. According to Hart (2009), the new adult reference dose for intra-oral radiographs (2.3 mGy) is 40% lower than the 1999 value (4 mGy), probably owing to the use of faster film-screen and digital systems. This is the first time that a national reference dose for intra-oral radiographs on children has been recommended (1.5 mGy), and it is, 35% lower than the corresponding adult value. Some studies show that there is a large dose variation between different X-ray units used for the same radiographic projection and it is relatively low. However, although radiation exposure from intaoral radiography is considered to be low, the patient may have a chance to undergo repeated dental radiological procedures. Therefore, the accumulated effect of the radiation exposure should be taken into consideration. Salivary gland and the thyroid gland are among the organs at risk in dental radiology. Salivary gland, which often lies within the primary beam in intraoral radiographic projections has been shown to receive dose from 0.02 mGy up to 0.1 mGy per examination. As stated by Looe et al. (2006), dose received by the thyroid gland, mainly due to scattered radiation, is comparably less than those received by the salivary glands. On the other hand, the thyroid gland is one of the most radiosensitive organs for children and dose imparted on the thyroid gland should be minimised whenever possible. Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) have been introduced by the European Union in the Medical Exposure Directive (MED) (97/43/Euratom). The directive requires the member states to promote the establishment and the use of DRLs and to ensure that implementation guidance is available (Poppe et al., 2006). A good practice is established when the required levels are not exceeded. The DRL is very important because inadequate techniques or machine malfunctions in the case where they are consistently exceeded can be detected during the examination, so that appropriate corrective action could be undertaken. Patients increased their chance to be subjected to unnecessarily high-radiation doses due to unsatisfactory equipment or inadequate techniques. To establish the DRLs, entrance surface dose (ESD), dose area product (DAP) or other dose-related quantities may be used. In the intraoral radiography, DAP has been chosen as the measurement quantity as it could be measured without the patient in place and the field size of the beam is directly reflected on the measured value. Rectangular collimator is preferable compare to the cylindrical collimator because the rectangular one can fit the size and shape of the film better, eventhough most X-ray units in intraoral radiography is equipped with cylindrical collimators. Furthermore, the introduction of DRLs has lead to DAP meters being installed as an integral part in radiology equipment used for the automatic registration of patient dose. The DAP meters could also be a possibility for panoramic units. It is completed with the advent of digital radiography and the use of automatic exposure control for these examinations, so, such equipments would allow easy monitoring and follow-up of i ndividual patient doses. It has been suggested that this dose area products are closely correlated with effective doses under specific circumstances because DAP are directly measurable or indirectly accessible from exposure. In instance, Poppe et al. (2006) stated that the measured DAP values for maxillary molar examinations range from 3.8 to 134.8 mGy cm2. The minimum dose measured for non-digital systems was 17.4 mGy cm2 and the maximum value measured was 134.8 mGy cm2. The highest third quartile value was calculated for occlusal examinations, whereas the lowest value was calculated for mandibular incisor examination. Moreover, there is a large difference between patient exposures among different dental facilities. Sometimes, the differences are up to a factor of 35 for the same examination. This s due to the inconsistencies of radiological practices performed in clinical routine such as different X-ray units, exposure techniques, film speed or even inadequate exposure setting and film developing procedures, and further. It can be seen that many dentists do not preferable using the dose-optimized programmes for the faster films. In addition, the correlation between DAP and tube loading may also be used as a rule of thumb in determining the imparted dose on patients. Thats why it is necessary to have the DRLs laid out as guidelines. In intraoral radiography, periapical is the most commonly performed and usually two to four teeth are shown on the image providing full tooth structure, including pulp, root and gum anatomy. On the other side, bitewings are taken to show the upper and lower teeth together on a single image while occlusal radiography demonstrate the dental arches at right angles to the occlusal plane. Although DRLs are useful in optimising radiological procedures by identifying inadequate exposure techniques, they still got the disadvantage. The problem is, they are lacking information in the risk associated with the radiological procedure. So, the other alternative is by using the conversion coefficient. It is used to estimate effective doses from DAP values have been published for common radiological procedures, including in intraoral radiography. In intraoral radiography, basically, thyroid gland and brain tissue receive only a small fraction of dose caused by scattered radiation within the phantom except for occlusal examination of the maxilla where high dose was measured at the brain tissue. So, we can say that overall skin dose is also relatively low as only a small fraction of skin was exposed directly to the x-ray beam. Moreover, salivary gland which often lies within the primary beam is exposed to high dose during intraoral examinations. This gland received highest dose followed by the red bone marrow. Then, the mandibular angle also was exposed to a high exposure during most of the dental examinations. Doses measured at the thyroid gland and brain tissue were only attributed to scattered radiation and therefore considerably low. However, only low dose was recorded at the third cervical vertebra mainly due to scattered radiation. The other factor that determines the exposure dose in the intraoral radiography is the type of film. It is remarkable that several facilities using an E or F speed film have higher doses than other facilities using the less sensitive D-speed films. For example, in the category of dentists using X-ray units operating at 65 kV, the lowest dose measured using D-speed film is 3.5 times lower than the highest dose measured using E or F speed film. However, the exposure time for the digital radiographic systems was set to 10-50% of that of E-speed film in most cases of intraoral radiography. However, in some clinics and hospitals, working with faster film type or higher tube voltage is not always associated with lower exposure. Many precaution measures could be taken at no cost to reduce the patient exposure by choosing the appropriate exposure parameters. Operators of X-ray units shall pay special attention to ensure that the right radiological equipment and techniques are used when performing radiological procedures on the dental patient. When using the faster film types, the operator should reduce the exposure time, so that the level of radiation exposure received is not beyond with the acceptance level of radiation exposure in intraoral radiography. Still, it is very important for the technologists to be informed about the necessity and importance of reducing the exposure times when working with the faster film types The quantitative aspects of radiation doses is needed to observe and determine the necessary radiation protective measures and at the same time, can help the general public to allay radiation fear in dental radiography. Because, it is afraid to develop certain disease and the highest risk in intraoral radiography is leukemia and thyroid cancer, even in doses as low as 500 mSv. On the other hand, even low doses of radiation can cause changes in the DNA of the cell that may not be lethal but that could cause the mutations that could lead to cancer. Most of these DNA changes are discovered and repaired before they cause problems, but the repair mechanism is not perfect and some of the changes may persist and accumulate. Non-repairable damage is more likely to occur with higher doses or dose rates but there is a chance that even a single small hit of radiation could produce a mutation that could cause cancer. The more radiation a person is exposed to, the more chances he has of receiving a non-repaired DNA injury. Similar surveys conducted in dental radiographic facilities over the last 10 years have demonstrated a trend for reduction of the ESD, with the use of faster films and digital receptors, as well as with modern x-ray units and rectangular collimation. The emphasis should be increased to the structures located in the oral region, particularly the salivary glands. At the gonadal areas, the gonads are not in the line of exposure, especially during intra-oral or panoramic radiography. However, the dose to the genetic cells results from scattered radiation in dental radiography. Scatter radiation during dental radiography may result in exposure of the dental personnel in the area. A dentist or dental auxiliary may accumulate perceptible amounts of radiation doses from his repeated exposure to scatter radiation. The precaution also must be highlighted to the pregnant women because the excessive exposure dose received by the pregnant women may result in spontaneous abortion, congenital abnormalities, microcephaly and decreased mental efficiency. From the study by Brooks (2008), shown that the doses actually used to obtain dental radiographs are frequently higher than what can be obtained in ideal situations. For example, a recent study done in Spain that measured entrance doses in several thousand dental offices reported that there was frequently no difference in radiation dose with different films and in different locations within the mouth. According to the revised recommendations for calculating effective dose, dental radiography involves 32% to 422% more risk than that previously thought. Therefore, efforts should be made to reduce dose as much as possible but not at expense of image quality and diagnostic accuracy. In addition, different groups of teeth need different exposure times for obtaining quality diagnostic information. Moreover, the patient dose is determined not only by the amount of radiation per exposure, but also by the number of radiographs taken. A recent study shows that the total number of radiographs taken by dentists using digital radiography was significantly larger than the number of radiographs taken by film users. The number of radiographs taken by dentists using solid-state systems compared to film-users while phosphor plate users took 32% more radiographs. The main reason when taking more radiographs is to achieve better diagnostics and description about certain condition of the patient. Eventhough it provides better diagnosis, positioning errors occurred more often in digital radiography than in film-based radiography. This is due to the stiffness of the digital sensors that is significantly more difficult to position in the patients mouth, rather than the positioning film and more uncomfortable for the patient although. CONCLUSION In conclusion, digital intra-oral radiography is a well-accepted diagnostic tool in dental practice. However, some of the claims made by manufacturers of digital systems, are not valid to their full extent. For instance, the dose reduction per exposure is real, but it is still to be determined what the actual dose reduction is because of the fact that dentists tend to make more radiographs when using a digital system. Sometimes, the importance of the level of exposure dose received by the dental patient is underestimated. Due to this, it could lead to the poor characteristics of x-ray device, inadequate film processing conditions and outdated techniques used. Regular quality control of dental x-ray units can eliminate deficiencies related to equipment. Inadequate technique is a more significant problem, because dentists and radiology technicians are insufficiently educated in the field of radiation protection. Because of that, it is best to select the imaging technique that will provide that information with the lowest radiation dose. To obtain that, dental equipment must stay in good condition, including film processing apparatus and solutions, and use good technique to avoid retakes. In addition, using fast film or digital imaging and small collimation, whenever feasible, will also keep the radiation dose as low as reasonably achievable, or ALARA which is a goal worth pursuing. in general, both entrance and effective doses are reduced when higher film speed (E-speed or F-speed instead of D-speed) or digital imaging is used. In addition, rectangular collimation of the beam also reduces the effective dose because less tissue is exposed in total. There are no such things as necessary routine radiographs the way there are required. Instead, dentists must make radiographs only when they think they are necessary to make an accurate dental assessment or diagnosis to reduce the number of X-rays taken to the minimal needed for dental health. Efficient implementation of the basic principles of radiation protection, particularly which the practice optimization through the quality assurance program, is the only adequate way of reducing the patient dose and at the same time, preserving the quality of diagnostic information.

Effects of Gene p53 the Tumor Repressor Essay -- Biology Cancer

"Induction of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Antitumor Immunity with DNA Vaccines Expressing Single T Cell Epitopes," by Frank Ciernik, Jay A. Berzofsky, and David P. Carbone explores the uses of the gene gun and how it can induce both humoral and cellular immunity. The paper specifically explores the effects of p53, a tumor repressor which gets its name from its molecular weight( p53 is a protein that has a molecular weight of 53). It is tremendously important because fifty percent of known cancer types stem from a mutation in this gene. A Brief History of Immunization Vaccines came about some 200 years ago when Jenner discovered that if someone caught a mild case of cowpox they would not get smallpox. In 1879, another scientist, Louis Pasteur, accidentally discovered the vaccine for fowl cholera by leaving cultures out in his laboratory. Later, Pasteur went on to develop an effective vaccine for rabies. The typhoid and cholera vaccines were produced by Wilhelm Kolle in 1896. The groundwork for tetanus and diptheria toxid vaccines was laid by Emil von Behring and Emile Roux in the early 20th century. In 1955, the polio vaccine, developed by Jonas Salk, was licensed. The Contagious and Non-Contagious Infectious Diseases Sourcebook estimates that a vaccine for chickenpox developed by Merrick Sharp Dohme will soon be available. ADVANTAGES There are many advantages to using gene immunization rather than protein immunization. For example, it is more effective at inducing cellular and humoral responses than protein. More importantly, it is safer. By targeting only the desired epitope, this method of immunization avoids the induction of unwanted responses. A current example of an unwelcome response would be... ... tumor cells in the mice. Modern Applications of Genetic Immunization The implications of the proposed vaccines introduced by this research could be immense. Along with the advantages over traditional vaccines, they may be applicable to infectious diseases of which no preventative measures are currently known. Effective immunization for infectious diseases could include innoculation from: BSE/ Cholera, Dengue, Ebola virus, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Hepatitis B, C viruses; Herpes simplex virus, HIV, Influenza, Malaria, Meningitis-causing enteroviruses, Papilloma virus, Rabies virus, Tuberculosis, and Yellow Fever. In addition, DNA epitope vaccines may elicit protective immune responses against cancer. Induced response against identified T cell epitopes including the inhibition of tumor growth could be the result of this break-through technology.

Medical Ethics Essay

Medical interventions always possess two possible outcomes in every situation or case. The principle of double effect is the actual ethics that governs the conditions of alternatives. The main concept that it utilizes is the thought that persons are faced with decision that cannot be avoided and, in the circumstances, the decision will cause both desirable and undesirable effects. Considering the value ethics involved in every intervention implemented, the risk factors should always be considered. Essentially speaking, the principle of double effect involves the critical assessment of the situation considering the fact that the choices being made greatly impact a life of an individual. In an ethical controversy of maternal-fetal conditions wherein the mother is suffering from a case of complications that lead to the severe necessity of evacuating the conception product. The case possesses no other alternatives, and has greatly compromised both life conditions of the mother and the fetus. Moreover, if medical intervention is not implemented as soon as possible both lives shall be endangered severely. In some part of logical implication, some might categorize such action as direct attempt of killing; essentially since, either of the mother’s life or the fetal life needs to be sacrificed in order to save one. In such case of saving life through resuscitation, if the significant relatives or others imposed the negation of such life saving treatment for the patient provided with the considerations of higher good than evil, it is not considered anymore as actions of euthanasia nor direct killing. The medical provider is not anymore liable if incase the patient suffered from any untoward conditions that requires resuscitation, however in the end resulted to death, as it is already a directed will of the patient and the support groups. The principle of total effect protects no singular parts or single levels of life. In fact, it does even consider the whole or total person as a whole. The whole or total person is what is sacred and has rights. To promote parts or lower levels independently of the person’s totality would violate just the quality of life considerations. The medical provider should consider the treatment interventions not only for the benefit of a single part, but rather every aspect of the whole body, such as the effect of the therapy or medical intervention on other parts of the body. Psychotherapy involves the utmost obligation to facilitate the psychological health and well-being of the society. As far as medico-ethics is concerned, psychiatrists possess such responsibility of conjuring psychological health to the people. Such principle involves the concept of the divine as well as the societal requirement of psychological health linked together with the guidelines of psychotherapeutical interventions. Such principle considers man as a psychic unit and total aspect of a person as a whole. Considering the fact that man functions as a whole, psychiatric therapy should revolve in every aspect of a person not only on particularities of disease, disorder, or signs and symptoms but rather as a whole unified being. However, still in response to this perspective, the concept of the individual should still deal in the specifics and objective details of an individual. The guide protocols of this principle are the fact that man is a unified unit of the community that requires social interactions, and morality considerations over the psychological interventions. Rights to Health Care The general principle of health care greatly considers that every individual possesses the right to have unconditional, indiscriminate, and with no considerations on an individual’s society. The rights of health care, by law, divine protocols and natural necessities, should be ethically available for every individual. As for the ever conjuring issues in terms of impairment of the delivery of health care, it is both the responsibility of the patient and the health care provider to facilitate maximum health care potential. The health seeking behavior is expected for the patients requiring health care needs as their responsibility, while health care information dissemination, motivation and encouragement are the ethical duties of the health care providers. With the advent of managerial, profit-oriented and progressive modernization, the principle of the health care basic right is arguably being violated in some sense. As the fact states, at least 35 million Americans cannot afford proper health care delivery system for them due to either expensive medical insurance requirements or poverty. As for the both interacting requirement, most of the public, especially those living in or below poverty line, undeniably obtains their medical care from governmental provisions, which are not always sufficient to consider every individual’s health care needs. In fact, Medicaid insurance, which is a public insurance firm that caters mostly for the financially incapacitated individuals, is extensively and progressively increasing. However, the worst case of such Medicaid provision is that sickness status possesses a marginal requirement to consider a person a candidate for health care treatment. In such case, the health care status of these individuals worsens before they can even attain their due medical interventions. Another controversy is the rising patients of Medicare insurance, which is a public governmental firm that caters to elderly health care welfare. Due to the increasing number of those that cannot afford geriatric care necessities, the last option for these elders is to obtain the care that the government hospitals provide. However, there are cases wherein these elderly incapacitated individuals are being eagerly discharged by the hospital. Adding on to the situation is the increasing profit-oriented hospital firms, which perceives delivery of care as business-money-earning sources. Such condition is beginning to coincide and dominate the health care market, which if not regulated, may even caused further decline of health care obtainment by the public due to financial incongruencies. Considering that the incidence of poverty in the public is increasing, incapabilities of health care insurance to support the appropriate and adequate requirements of their beneficiaries, and the increasing incidence of profit oriented hospitals, greatly contributes to the health care scarcity and health care status of the society. Essentially speaking, such condition possesses the possibility of aggravating the morbidity and mortality ratings in the society. Such case is considered indeed as violations of the ethical principle of right of health care. On the contrary, such protocols are necessary in order to keep the hospital and medical insurance organizations surviving. Although, the evident consequence of such scenario is the increasing individuals suffering from health care impairments. As far as the ethical principle, rights of health care, is concerned, such occurring scenario violates the fundamental ethics of health care. Suffering Even with subjective evidences or manifestations, the concept of suffering seems central for the most fundamental concerns of bioethics. Suffering is in part constituted by the experience of a profound evil, as the Old Testament denotes, or threat to our sense of self and identity that we are unable to control. IT is the experience of the inexplicably arbitrary and typically destructive. Suffering is not of course an end of religious experience but a problem demanding interpretation. Religions traditions have historically tried to give meaning to suffering by placing the experience in a context of broader questions about ultimate purpose in life, and even human destiny beyond life. Suffering is knowledge of evil but is not evil in itself. Frequently its existence serves as a helpful spiritual or physical warning that something is amiss. Physical pain is often first sign of a serious illness; it informs us that something has gone wrong and that we need medical assistance. Of course, sometimes we become aware of evil but are unable to do anything about the situation. The evil is not in our knowledge of a certain state of affairs but in the state of affairs themselves. While we experience our knowledge of these evils as suffering, the knowledge itself remains a basic good. As salvation denotes liberation from evil, Christ liberates man from sin by means of His cross, that is, by means of suffering. The work of salvation is a labor of suffering. Every person is called to participate personally in that suffering through which our redemption has been accomplished and through which all suffering was redeemed. Suffering, symbolizes by the Cross, is the one universal door through which all must pass to enter the kingdom of God. While on the human level suffering is an â€Å"emptying,† on the divine level it is a glorifying or a â€Å"filling up† and an invitation to manifest the moral greatness of man. The glory of suffering cannot be seen in the martyrs, but also in those who, while not believing in Christ, suffer and give their lives for the truth. As for a Christian perspective, suffering is an opportunity for everyone to experience the power of God and share in the work of redemption. In the midst of each individual’s suffering, Christ is present to share that person’s suffering-just as He invites each of us to share His sufferings. This inter-participation of suffering unites our sufferings and Christ’s sufferings, as well as uniting us with Christ personally. In terms of the medical ethics application, suffering is for both patient and the health care provider to share; however, one must not join each one and extend the same negative feelings but rather, facilitate as the motivator and alleviator of sufferings. The greatest part of relieving the patient from the occurring suffering is on the part of the health care provider, as they are the ones who are responsible for the alleviation of such condition. The suffering of undergoing the case of alleviation and the suffering of alleviating the patient itself are the two considered faces of suffering, which has to be considered in every ethical case action. In is indeed necessary to think that the difficulties imposed by the situation is carried by both interacting parties and not one alone.

7 Steps to Develop a LinkedIn Profile That Will Get You Noticed

7 Steps to Develop a LinkedIn Profile That Will Get You Noticed LinkedIn is a great platform that helps you to build and engage with your professional network. It allows you to create a profile that is basically a virtual resume to showcase all the work you have done throughout your  career. With these 7 steps, you can achieve the perfect LinkedIn profile in no time. Source [SocialTalent]

4 New (Mind Blowing) Features Launching This Year + 3 You Should Already Be Using! - CoSchedule Blog

4 New (Mind Blowing) Features Launching This Year + 3 You Should Already Be Using! Blog Boy that was a mouthful ;) but can you blame me? You’ve got seven teams working on literally dozens of your MOST requested features! And s  marketing team is feelin’ a bit like in a good way. Keep reading for a sneak peek into four NEW features youre gonna LOVE (plus, three features you should already be using). 4 New (Mind Blowing) Features Launching This Year + 3 You Should Already Be Using!Whats Comin Off The Conveyor Belt  (REALLY Soon)? Re-Promote Your BEST Content With ReQueue! We’ve all got a bit of a love/hate relationship with our social media strategy.  It’s tedious, it’s exhausting, and yet, we all know it’s pret-ty important. And it’s important because: Better, more compelling messages get more clicks. AND the MORE you share, the better the results. The only problem It takes TIME. And thats one commodity you really don’t have MUCH of Which is why we’re creating ReQueue. With ReQueue, you’ll be able to: Set it and forget it.  No more getting stuck in the weeds of social! Create your messages, add them to a ReQueue category, and let intelligently send them out at the best possible traffic times for each network. Fill in the gaps and stay consistent.  ReQueue will fill in the gaps of your daily schedule- keeping your schedule consistent and filled with variety. You’ll never worry about an empty social queue again! Get more mileage out of your messages.  The average lifespan of a single social message is mere minutes, so why only share it once? Add your best messages to the ReQueue and let re-share your best content at the most optimal frequency. Easily re-promote your evergreen content! Use the ReQueue to re-promote your evergreen content. Create custom categories, build a schedule, and consistently re-share your evergreen content to drive MORE traffic and engagement to your site. Its like having a social media intern 24/7 for basically NO costsorry interns! Bring Your Social Stats To Life With Powerful Analytics! Coming soon to an analytics dashboard near you:  Your first (of several) reportssocial engagement reporting! Get a clear overview (with easy to understand visuals) on ALL your social engagement. No more jumping from one platform to the next to gather stats, adding meaningless numbers to a complex spreadsheet, and then struggling to prove their worth to yourself or your boss. With Social Analytics by , you’ll FINALLY be able to track, measure, and most importantly PROVE the ROI of your social marketing efforts from one robust report! What’ll be included? Visual stats on total engagement, clicks, retweets, shares, AND comments Filters based on social network, content type, and/or date for an even bigger breakdown And (icing on the cake) easily exportable/shareable reports via PDF, CSV, or email We always knew you were a BOSS at social media, and now you’ll have the report to prove it. :) Your Calendar Is Getting A  NEW And Improved Look! Over the next few months, your calendar will be getting a brand NEW look. Phase 1 is simplifying your content editor with a cleaner, more minimalist design. You’ll be getting lots more space with a full screen experience, AND best of all, you’ll only see aspects of the content editor that you care about. For example Love the Headline Analyzer? Great, let’s turn it on. Don’t need a social campaign for a specific project? Cool, we’ll minimize that for you. :) Need to review a task? No worries! Easily navigate to your sliding sidebar for tasks, comments, and documents; it’s there when you need it- and hidden when you don’t. Less clutter and more of what you want. THE BIG ONE: Instagram Scheduling Is Coming to ! In the very near future, Instagram will be a part of your social scheduling repertoire! How will Instagram for work? Schedule all your Instagram posts (directly from the calendar). Write your messages, upload your â€Å"Insta-worthy† images, and schedule your posts directly in the calendar! Download the for Instagram  app from the App Store. Get notifications (on your phone) when it’s time to post to Instagram. Then (with a single click) transfer your copy + images directly to your Instagram feed! It’s that simple! Now, What’s Off The Assembly Line And Ready For You TODAY? Tag ANY Facebook Page Or Twitter Handle Directly In Your Social Message You can now do live searches for Facebook pages and Twitter handles  directly in a social message! Tag people without jumping from one social network to the next. Or worse, guessing and finding out you tagged the wrong person (face palm). Simply type @, plus the first few letters of a social profile, and will intelligently pull their profile name directly into your social message. Schedule, Share, And Manage All Your Social Videos In One Place! The stats speak for themselves: Social video gets 8 billion views EVERY DAY In less than two years, the number of videos on  Facebook has grown by 360% And according to Adobe research report, 51.9% of marketing professionals worldwide name social video as the type of content with the best ROI ($$$) If you haven’t started yet- you should- and makes your promotion super easy. Manage your social video promotion directly in the calendar! No more bouncing from one account to the next- upload your video once and share to all your favorite networks. Preview every video message before it goes live directly from your social campaign. And never worry if a video will display correctly or if it meets a specific social network requirement. has those deets right in the calendar! Stand out in crowded newsfeeds. Upload your show-stopping videos to the social queue, mix in a little Best Time Scheduling, and you’ve got one sick game plan. Now, not only can you add eye-catching videos to combat BUSY news feeds but you’ll be sending them out at the best time possible (double whammy). Keep All Your Social Promotion Organized In One Spot! No more tediously scheduling ONE social message at a time. Use Social Campaigns to create dozens of messages- centered around a specific event, piece of content, etc.- all at once. And make your collaboration SUPER EASY with Social Campaigns built-in workflows. Keep all your comments, notes, tasks, and docs in your social campaign. Everyone stays in the loop, edits happen faster, and you can keep projects moving forward AND on time. Never Settle For Good Enough It’s not just a saying here at - it’s how we operate. Everything we do is focused on growth AND our customers (you)! These seven  features are a result of your feedback. Join 6,000+ marketers  getting insanely organized  on the #1 marketing calendar (and help make the best tool for you!).  Start your 14 day trial of today!

In a continuous esssay of not more than 1,000 words, analyse this Essay

In a continuous esssay of not more than 1,000 words, analyse this passage, discussing how narrative voice and dialogue are impor - Essay Example The aforementioned piece is a flawless demonstration of Direct Narrative. One can say so, as in this case, the viewpoint presented to the reader is that of a heterodiegetic narrator, who is not a part of the story, and has complete knowledge of all the happenings in the story. As a result, it gives the reader an opportunity to analyse the situation in the story using a wide pool of thoughts. Charlotte did not stay much longer, and Elizabeth was then left to reflect on what she had heard. It was a long time before she became at all reconciled to the idea of so unsuitable a match. The strangeness of Mr. Collins making two offers of marriage within three days was nothing in comparison of his being now accepted. She had always felt that Charlotte's opinion of matrimony was not exactly like her own, but she could not have supposed it possible that when called into action, she would have sacrificed every better feeling to worldly advantage. Charlotte the wife of Mr. Collins was a most humi liating picture! (Paragraph 4) This fragment very gracefully mingles both Direct and Focalised narrative. The first line has been laid out in pure Direct narrative, with the narrator informing the reader about the departure of Charlotte and the beginning of Elizabeth's train of thoughts. However, from the second line onwards, the narrative shifts to being Focalised, with Elizabeth being the focaliser. The text from here onwards, gives the reader a portrayal of the happening (Charlotte's acceptance of Mr. Collins marriage proposal), solely through Elizabeth's point of view. In a way, the reader 'sees' what Elizabeth sees, and is made to think at the same wavelength as Elizabeth. It ignores all the other aspects of the situation, thus narrowing the scope of understanding and reflection of the reader. However, it also gives the reader the liberty to gather a deep understanding of Elizabeth's character. Moreover, the passage also lays down a brilliant understanding of Free Indirect Spee ch and Dialogue. But Elizabeth had not recollected herself, and making a strong effort for it, was able to assure her with tolerable firmness that the prospect of their relationship was highly grateful to her, and that she wished her all imaginable happiness. (Paragraph 3) The underlined sentences in the above paragraph are a perfect literary example of Free Indirect Speech. It models indirect speech to a certain extent, the only difference being that in this form, there is no introductory clause. For example, in the above sentence, one does not see an expression like 'she said' or 'she exclaimed', which are characteristics of indirect speech. Apart from Free Indirect Speech, the passage also underlines the importance and definitive nature of Dialogue. The steady countenance which Miss Lucas had commanded in telling her story, gave way to a momentary confusion here on receiving so direct a reproach; though, as it was no more than she expected, she soon regained her composure, and ca lmly replied, ?Why should you be surprised, my dear Eliza? Do you think it incredible that Mr. Collins should be able to procure any woman's good opinion, because he was not so happy as to succeed with you?" (Paragraph 2) The sentences within double quotes are Dialogues, said by Charlotte to Elizabeth. Whereas Free Indirect Speech gives the reader an overview of the situation at hand,

Business and the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business and the Law - Essay Example For example in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball C. [1893] is was held that there would be consideration even if the promise suffered an inconvenience by using the advertised smoke ball under the directions of the promisor and the promisor had not incurred a benefit. As Selwyn LJ noted, â€Å"any act† which either confers upon the promisor a benefit or â€Å"any detriment, or inconvenience† to the promise will amount to consideration.2 Essentially, consideration is an act or exchange of promises or bargains from which a quid pro quo outcome can be inferred.3 There is no consideration where there is a mere gratuitous promise with no exchange of promises.4 Giving the broad meaning of consideration in the law of contract, a collateral contract satisfies the requirement for consideration. It was held in De Lassalle v Guildford [1901] that there is consideration when the promisor promises to enter into the principal contract.5 It therefore follows that not only do collateral con tracts require consideration, they by necessity encompass consideration. ... For instance in relationship based upon the requirement of confidence and trust, there is a presumption of undue influence. However, fiduciary relationships and relationships characterized by inequality in bargaining positions will not automatically give rise to a presumption of undue influence.7 In this regard, it is not likely that ordinary contracts between banks and consumers will give rise to undue influence sufficient for voiding a contract. The specific facts of the case will determine whether there was undue influence. For example in Lloyds v Bundy [1975] QB 326, an aging farmer with no business experience provided the plaintiff with three guarantees in favour of a loan for his son’s failing business. The aging farmer had not been told of the gravity of his son’s business failings and was not the recipient of neutral legal representation. The loan failed to save the son’s business and the plaintiff took action to realize the loan by taking possession of t he aging farmer’s farm. The court ruled that there had been undue influence.8 The inequities between the bank and the elderly farmer in circumstances where there was essentially undue influence on the part of the bank, can give rise to unconsionability under Section 51 of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (as amended). Section 51 of the Trade Practices Act 1974 demonstrates the close relationship between unconscionability and undue influence.9 Essentially, Section 51 permits remedies for the consumer in circumstances where bargaining is conducted with the result that its corresponding agreement or the conduct during bargaining is unconscionable. A contract is unconscionable where one party is stronger than the other and asserts his will on the weaker party so

Challenging perspective on child development Essay

Challenging perspective on child development - Essay Example N.A.E.Y.C. stating Developmentally Active Practice brought forth 12 principles of Child Development and Learning as a guide for People who work with children (Bredekamp and Copple, 1997) 'Development 'denotes maturation of functions. It is related to the maturation and myelination of the nervous system and to the acquisition of a variety of skills for the optimal function of the individual.'[Ghai OP, Gupta P, Paul VK. 2003] Growth and development is affected by genetic and environmental factors. Phenotype that is parental traits, Character of parents, Race, Sex, Biorhythm and maturation, genetic disorders like chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations are all genetically determined. Environmental factors-Fetus grows in the maternal uterine environment. Maternal undernutrition, anaemia, maternal tobacco consumption go to decrease growth while nutritional supplements increases growth. Maternal intake of medicines like Thalidomide, antiepileptic drugs like valproate, and Rubella vaccination can cause congenital abnormalities. After birth nutritional statu... er birth nutritional status, exposure to chemicals, infections and infestations, trauma, maternal metabolic factors, social, emotional, and cultural factors all can influence the growth of the child. Behavioural Development of the child - In the postnatal life the newborn lies in a helpless manner with disorganized activity. As he grows he acquires better coordination of motor activity and reacts to his environment, with willful manner. At an anticipated age with a difference of a few months, children attain maturity of different biological functions. This can be interpreted by Denver developmental screening tests which measures gross motor, fine motor and adaptive; personal, and social and language factors. Behavioural development of the child is dependent on a variety of mutually interactive factors such as heredity, biological integrity, physical, psychosocial and emotional stimuli. Prenatal maternal illness, bad obstetric history, perinatal factors, social factors, established diseases all can affect behavioural development. Thus the catch phrase "Nature and Nurture' for roles of heredity and environment in human development originated in France, back in the 13th century. Nature Theory - It is known for years that traits such as hair colour and eye colour are determined by specific genes encoded in each human cell. Proponents of Nature theory take it a step further to tell the more abstract traits like intelligence, personality, aggression, and sexual orientation are all encoded in an individual's DNA.. "1. The search for behavioural gene is the source of constant debate. 2. the most debated issue pertaining to nature theory is the occurrence of the 'gay gene' pointing to a genetic component to sexual orientation. 3. An April,1998 article of LIFE Magazine

Public life Essay Example for Free

Public life Essay Early Years When Brown and his family moved to New York, he learned that the pro-slavery forces in Kansas were confrontational. Brown left for Kansas after learning that the families of his adult sons were completely unprotected from any possible attack. He collected funds and weapons along the way and even held an anti-slavery convention in Albany. Despite the stir because of his support for unrest to liberate, Brown still managed to get financial support. He gathered more anti-slavery forces in Ohio. Brown and his forces were going to stop at nothing to stop the pro-slavery actions in Kansas. He believed that the pro-slavery forces, or the Border Ruffians, will eventually become violent themselves. He used this as justification for his disregard for the law. Brown was angered by the violence displayed by the Border Ruffians, and also the political manipulations happening to quell the northern abolitionist movement. Brown learned that his family was to be attacked next by the Border Ruffians and the pro-slavery neighbours squealed about the support that his family was giving him. In May 1856, five pro-slavery settlers were killed by Brown’s men. They were taken from their homes and slashed to death by swords. According to Brown, he did approve of the murder, but he never participated in it. Two of Brown’s sons were captured by Henry Pate, a pro-slavery captain. But Pate was soon captured with twenty-two men. Pate was forced to sign a treaty that exchanges their freedom with the freedom of his two sons. Pate was released, but his sons’ release was to be postponed till September. Pro-slavery forces from Missouri came to Kansas under the command of Major General John Reid. They headed towards Osawatomie, Kansas, determined to crush the abolitionist forces there. Some of Reid’s men killed one of Brown’s sons in the morning of August 30, 1956. Brown was clearly outnumbered by Reid’s pro-slavery forces, but they still defended their posts. They managed to wound 40 and kill 20 of the Reid’s men. Reid ordered his men to retreat into the forest, and Brown’s men managed to capture four of Reid’s men. This display of bravery in that situation that clearly went against him was viewed as an act of heroism by Northern abolitionist forces. Brown was then known by the nickname, Osawatomie Brown. A month later, Brown met Free State leaders in Lawrence to help plan for a possible assault by the pro-slavery forces. Pro-slavery forces from Missouri were engaging attacks in Kansas. Battles ensued, though large damages were nipped in the bud when Kansas governor John Geary called for disarmament and offered clemency to soldiers of both sides. Brown fled from Kansas with his sons to gather more funds and support from the north. Brown travelled eastward to collect more funds. In his travels, he met with many prominent abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison and Gerrit Smith. Some of the wealthy abolitionists he met agreed to provide Brown with funds. This group of financers become known as the â€Å"Secret Six†. How much of Brown’s plans the Secret Six knew still remains a mystery until today as these men were just there to fund Brown with â€Å"no questions asked. † On January of the following year, Brown received pledges of weapons from different abolitionist organizations and individuals. He travelled more and continued to look for funding. He received help in forms of numerous pledges but little of these pledges were translated to cash. Brown met with Hugh Forbes in New York in March. He hired Forbes to be the tactician and drillmaster of his army. Both met in Tabor and formulated a plan for their anti-slavery crusade in the south with them disagreeing with some of the details of the plan. They left for Kansas six months later without Forbes receiving his salary. He decided to leave for the east instead of going with Brown to Kansas. Brown travelled to Ontario to attend a Constitutional Convention. Chatham, Ontario’s population were mostly dominated by slave fugitives. It was here that Brown’s provisional constitution was adopted. Brown was elected as the commander-in-chief and Elder Monroe, an African man was elected as minister, and shall act as president until a new one was elected. Many of the delegates signed the Constitution, but only a few joined Brown’s forces. Many intended to join but Forbes attempted to reveal the plans to Henry Wilson, a Massachusetts senator. Many of the members of Brown’s inner circle felt fear that their names will go revealed to the public. The members of the Secret Six were divided. Some of them wanted Brown to execute his plans rapidly, while some insisted for postponement. To derail Forbes’ knowledge of his plan, Brown returned to Kansas and remained there for 6 months. He joined forces with James Montogomery, the leader of the raids in Missouri. Brown led his own attacks, managing to set 11 slaves free. He took the liberated man with him to Detroit and to Canada. He went from city to city to collect more support. He reconnected with the Secret Six, visited his family and departed for Harpers Ferry. Upon arrival in Harpers Ferry, he rented a farmhouse nearby for his new recruits. He never received the number of recruits he expected to come to support him. He revealed the plan to some of his supporters and some of them expressed their worry and qualms about the plan. One of them, Douglass, already knew of Brown’s plan since 1859 and has tried numerous attempts to avert the enlistment of blacks in Brown’s army. Some of the weapons fit for a thousand men arrived late September, but Brown only had 21 men. A month later, Brown led 19 of his men to attack the armory of Harpers Ferry. He planned to distribute the weapons here to arm the slaves in the locality. He would then lead these men to the south to liberate more slaves. His plan was to free the slaves of Virginia to maim the institution and kill off the life-line that kept the economy alive in the south. They easily entered the town and they captured the armory with no resistance. They also spread the news to the local slaves they were going to be freed soon. Things went awry when a passenger train arrived in town. One of the train staff warned the passengers about Brown’s men. Brown ordered him to halt then, but seeing that his warning was not heeded, shot him openly. News of the raid reached Washington by late morning. Brown’s men were held inside the armory by the angry residents of the town. Military men sealed off the bridge, the only escape route available. Brown moved inside the armory and had the doors and windows blocked. The soldiers and townspeople outside prevented the exit of anyone inside the armory, and sometimes, Brown’s men would shoot at the people outside. Brown sent out his son, Watson, and one of his men under the bearing of a white flag and yet the men outside shot them. Exchanges of shots were fired, and Oliver, another of Brown’s sons were wounded and killed. On October 18, John Brown’s fort was surrounded by the military. They were encouraged to surrender, but Brown refused, saying that he would rather die there. The military men then broke the doors and walls of the armory down and captured the men inside. Brown was charged with murder of 5 men, instigation of a rebellion among the slaves and treason against the state of Virginia. The court found him to be guilty on all three counts on November 2. He was sentenced to be publicly hanged a month later. On November 2, after a week-long trial and 45 minutes of deliberation, the Charles town jury found Brown guilty on all three counts. Brown was sentenced to be hanged in public on December 2. Before he died, he wrote, I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think, vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done. METHODOLOGY The results of this study were obtained via data collection from documents from the internet, several books and journals. Data analysis of the information was performed and some personal opinions of the author were also injected into the analysis of the data gathered.